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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Planetary Protection</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Planetary Protection</b> (dt.: Planetarer Schutz) bezeichnet alle Maßnahmen in der <a href="Raumfahrt" title="Raumfahrt">Raumfahrt</a>, die verhindern, dass <a href="Terrestrisch" title="Terrestrisch">terrestrische</a> Lebensformen, wie z. B. <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismen</a> oder <a href="Biomolek%C3%BCl" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomolekül">Biomoleküle</a>, mit <a href="Raumflugk%C3%B6rper#Raumflugkörper" title="Raumflugkörper">Raumfahrtmissionen</a> andere <a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planeten</a>, <a href="Mond" title="Mond">Monde</a>, <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroiden</a> und <a href="Komet" title="Komet">Kometen</a> erreichen und kontaminieren.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch bei <a href="Sample_return_mission" title="Sample return mission">Proben-Rückhol-Missionen</a> sollte gewährleistet werden, dass möglicherweise existierende <a href="Extraterrestrisch" title="Extraterrestrisch">extraterrestrische</a> Lebensformen (<a href="Au%C3%9Ferirdisches_Leben" title="Außerirdisches Leben">Außerirdisches Leben</a>) nicht unbeabsichtigt die Erde erreichen und in die <a href="Biosph%C3%A4re" title="Biosphäre">Biosphäre</a> gelangen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es wird zwischen <a href="Vorw%C3%A4rts-Kontamination" title="Vorwärts-Kontamination">Vorwärts-Kontamination</a> (engl. Forward-contamination, irdische Lebewesen kontaminieren den fremden Himmelskörper) und <a href="R%C3%BCckw%C3%A4rts-Kontamination" title="Rückwärts-Kontamination">Rückwärts-Kontamination</a> (Reverse/back-contamination, extraterrestrische Lebensformen kontaminieren die irdische Biosphäre) unterschieden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> unterscheidet fünf Missionskategorien (I–V).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Artikel IX des <a href="Weltraumvertrag" title="Weltraumvertrag">Weltraumvertrages</a> aus 1967 erwähnt planetare Kontamination und zweckentsprechende Erfordernisse für Raumfahrt betreibende Vertragsparteien.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Untersuchungen im Jahr 2012 haben gezeigt, dass <a href="Extremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> und extremotolerante Mikroorganismen selbst in bezüglich Sauberkeit und Sterilität besonders behandelten <a href="Reinraum" title="Reinraum">Reinräumen</a> nachgewiesen werden konnten.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Weltraumorganisation" title="Europäische Weltraumorganisation">ESA</a> unterhält am <a href="Deutsche_Sammlung_von_Mikroorganismen_und_Zellkulturen" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen">DSMZ</a> eine Sammlung von Mikroorganismen, die aus Reinräumen und von Oberflächen von Raumfahrzeugen isoliert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Gegensatz zum Planetaren Schutz (Planetary Protection) geht es bei der <a href="Planetare_Verteidigung" title="Planetare Verteidigung">Planetaren Verteidigung</a> (Planetary Defense) um die Abwehr von extraterrestrischen Bedrohungen (<a href="Impakt" title="Impakt">Impakt</a> oder Invasion).
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/ethics/documents/environment/COSPAR%20Planetary%20Protection%20Policy.pdf">COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy</a>. <a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a>, 2002 (PDF)</li>
<li>J. Andy Spry: <i>Contamination Control and Planetary Protection.</i> in: Yoseph Bar-Cohen et al.: <i>Drilling in extreme environments - penetration and sampling on earth and other planets.</i> WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-527-40852-8; S. 707–739.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/planetary-protection">Planetary Protection</a> beim <i>Office of Safety and Mission Assurance</i> der NASA</li>
<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/09/980902055654.htm">Earth microbes on the moon</a>.</i> NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center – Space Sciences Laboratory, 2. September 1998</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/57581-planetary-protection">Planetary protection</a>. ESA</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24809/the-goals-rationales-and-definition-of-planetary-protection-interim-report?">The Goals, Rationales, and Definition of Planetary Protection</a> National Academies of Sciences, nap.edu</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">„Planetary protection is the term given to the policies and practicies that protect other solar system bodies (e.g., planets,moons,asteroids, and comets) from earth life and that protect the earth from life that may be brought back from other solar system bodies.“ in: Peter D. Ward: Life as we do not know it-the NASA search for (and synthesis of) alien life. Viking, New York 2005, ISBN 0-670-03458-4, S. 242.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Moissl-Eichinger: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laborundmore.com/archive/812462/Biokontamination-in-der-Raumfahrt.html">Biokontamination in der Raumfahrt: Planetary Protection</a></i>. Abgerufen am 3. Oktober 2019</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/sssr2011/presentations/conley.pdf">Planetary Protection for Sample Return Missions</a> lpi.usra.edu, pdf, abgerufen am 28. Mai 2011</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023614/http://sci2.esa.int/Conferences/MarcoPolo-ws08/Planetary_Protection_-_Andre_Debus.pdf">Planetary Protection for Sample Return Missions - Summary</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 4. März 2016 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). sci2.esa.int, PDF, abgerufen am 28. Mai 2011</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Gilmour et al.: An introduction to astrobiology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-83736-7, Kap.:3.6 Planetary protection, S. 119–122.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/stsc2011/symp-03.pdf">John D. Rummel: <i>Planetary protection overview-the role of COSPAR in international missions.</i></a> Planetary Protection Mission Categories, S. 17, oosa.unvienna.org, PDF abgerufen am 10. Mai 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerda Horneck et al.: <i>Astrobiology Explatory Missions and Planetary Protection Requirements.</i> S. 353–397, in: G. Horneck et al.: <i>Complete course in astrobiology.</i> Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-527-40660-9 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=eDxeMPYJNPAC&pg=PA362&q=planetary+protection#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche), abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/treaty_Princi_Gov_Acti_States_OST.pdf">Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies</a>, Artikel IX. FAA.gov, abgerufen am 11. Mai 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Moissl-Eichinger: <i>Extremophiles in spacecraft assembly clean rooms.</i> in: <a href="Helga_Stan-Lotter" title="Helga Stan-Lotter">Helga Stan-Lotter</a> et al.: <i>Adaption of microbial life to environmental extremes.</i> Springer, Wien 2012, ISBN 978-3-211-99690-4, S. 231–261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319">Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms</a> jpl.nasa.gov, abgerufen am 7. November 2013</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derstandard.at/1358305244885/Eine-Sammlung-potenzieller-blinder-Raumflug-Passagiere">Eine Sammlung potenzieller blinder Raumflug-Passagiere</a> derstandard.at</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsmz.de/research/microorganisms/projects/european-space-agency-microbial-strain-collection.html">European Space Agency Microbial Strain Collection</a> dsmz.de, abgerufen am 29. März 2018</span>
</li>
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